401 words starting with A.
A worn-down form of "he," "have," "of," "on," or "in" — depending on context. You'll see it most often in older printed texts where "a'" stands in for "he" or "have," or where "a" replaces "of," "on," or "in" in phrases like "a mornings" (in the mornings) or "a tiptoe" (on tiptoe).
Cold. This is an archaic way of saying someone is chilly or freezing—you'll mostly see it in older texts.
The beggar shivers outside in the snow, half-dead a-cold.
In these days; nowadays. An archaic form you'll see in older texts, sometimes spelled as one word or hyphenated.
Such manners a-days would shock the court.
Side by side, or at the same level. Moving abreast means moving alongside someone, all at once.
The four soldiers marched a-front, their shields touching.
Up high, in the air above. Often used as a direction to look or pay attention upward.
Look up a-height at the stars.
Up in the air; high above. Often describes something lifted or raised up.
One heav'd a-high — someone lifted something way up.
Close to the wind, so a ship can sail nearly against it. A nautical term for angling the boat's position to catch as much wind as possible.
Dearly; with great affection or intensity. This is an archaic form, and many editors suspect Shakespeare wrote "o' life" (of life) instead.
At night, or during the night hours. An archaic phrasing you'll see in older texts.
He came a-night to see her, when no one else was awake.
Into pieces; torn or broken apart. You'll see this in moments of violent action or emotional upheaval.
The ship was shattered a-pieces on the rocks.
In a line, one after another. Things happening in sequence without a break.
Three victories a-row made the general famous.
Cast out or shut away from somewhere. Left behind, separated, or removed from a place or group.
To lower your eyes or gaze downward. Often a sign of shame, modesty, or respect.
She abased her eyes when the king entered the room.
To reduce or weaken something. Can mean to lessen an amount, dull a sharp feeling, or take something away from someone.
His courage, once strong, was abated by fear.
A reduction or lessening of something—often used in legal or formal contexts. Can also mean a decline in someone's reputation or standing.
The delays and abatements wore down his patience.
To feel deep disgust or loathing toward something. In Shakespeare's time, it could also mean to formally reject or protest against something.
He abhorred the thought of betraying his friend.
Deeply loathsome or disgusting. Something so hateful you can't bear it.
The thought of betraying his friend was abhorred to him.
Something deeply disgusting or loathsome. It's a rare word in Shakespeare—later writers preferred 'abhorrence'—but when it appears, it means the thing itself that triggers revulsion.
To stay or remain in a place. Also means to endure or face something difficult—often used with 'dear' to mean 'pay the price for' or 'suffer the consequences of.'
If you abide here much longer, they will find you.
Money or resources you have. In Shakespeare's time, your ability was how much wealth you could spend or use.
He married her for her ability—her father's fortune.
Wretched, contemptible, deserving scorn. Someone abject has sunk so low—morally or socially—that they're beneath dignity. As a noun, it means a person cast off or treated as worthless.
In a way that's shameful or degrading. Acting without dignity or self-respect.
He thinks of me so abjectly—as though I'm beneath him.
Skilled and capable, with the strength or wit to do something well. Shakespeare uses it to describe people who have real talent or power.
An able soldier knows the right move in battle.
A place where someone lives or stays. In Shakespeare's time, it could also mean a delay or pause in one place. The word echoes biblical language about dwelling or making a home.
He made his abode in the forest, far from the city.
A sign or feeling that something bad is going to happen. An omen or premonition.
The storm felt like an abodement of the tragedy to come.
Something deeply hateful or disgusting—a thing or act so vile it makes you recoil. Shakespeare often uses it to mean both the disgusting thing itself and the quality of being disgusting.
Born too early or twisted in form—anything that comes before its time or seems wrong and unnatural. Shakespeare uses it for things that feel monstrous or deeply out of place.
A child born malformed, or a plan that falls apart before it starts.
To be full of something; to have plenty. When you say a place abounds in fish, you mean there are fish everywhere.
The forest abounds with deer.
A command to get moving or snap to it. Shakespeare uses it to urge someone into action, like saying "Get to work!"
On an upper floor or in the room above. In a theatre, actors often moved up a staircase to play a scene in this elevated space.
The messenger waits above in the gallery.
A ragged beggar or vagrant. The term comes from Abraham men — actual vagrants in Shakespeare's time who pretended to be mad or sick to get charity.
A shabby figure in torn clothes, begging at the tavern door.
Auburn or reddish-brown in color. Shakespeare uses it to describe hair or complexion.
Her abram locks caught the firelight.
To deprive someone of something, or cut them off from it. Often used when someone loses rank, privilege, or dignity.
To be abridged from such noble status.
A way to pass the time; entertainment or amusement. Often refers to a performance or show that fills an evening.
The traveling players were our abridgement for the night.
To set something in motion or start it going. Often used for plans, ideas, or rumors that you've begun to spread.
Once he set that story abroach, the whole town knew it by nightfall.
Out in the world, away from home, or visible to others. Something abroad is happening in public or in the open—not hidden or private.
There's villany abroad — meaning trouble is happening out there, where people can see it.
To put up with something. To tolerate or endure.
He could not abrook such an insult.
A sudden stop or break in the middle of speaking. The speaker cuts themselves short, leaving a thought unfinished.
His angry abruption—mid-sentence, he turned and walked away.
Not present; gone away. Shakespeare often uses it to mean the time when someone is away from you—those stretches when you're apart.
During those absent hours, I thought of nothing but your return.
A child's primer or alphabet book—the basic learning tool for reading. When something follows a simple, elementary pattern, it's like reciting from an absey-book.
His replies were so predictable, like answers from an absey-book.
Complete and perfect, without flaw or qualification. Also means certain and final—decided without doubt or condition.
An absolute gentleman needs no introduction.
A Latin phrase meaning 'without this, there is nothing.' Shakespeare uses it to say that something is absolutely essential — you cannot have one thing without the other.
A condensed version or summary of something larger. In Shakespeare, it often means a brief record or list—like a catalog of qualities or a summary of events.
He was called the abstract of all faults—meaning he embodied every flaw in concentrated form.
Cruel treatment or injury. In Shakespeare's time, it also meant deception or a corrupt practice—something wrong done to someone.
The abuse done to my niece weighed heavily on her family.
Someone who corrupts or spoils something—morally, socially, or otherwise. In Shakespeare's time, this often meant someone who perverts the natural order of things.
A ruler who takes bribes is an abuser of justice.
To suffer the consequences for something you've done. To pay a price or endure punishment.
You'll aby this insult when he learns what you've said.
A bottomless pit or chasm—either the literal pit of hell, or a vast, unknowable depth used as a figure for time, space, or despair. It captures the sense of something so deep you can't see the bottom.
The abysm of time stretches back before any living memory.
A school or place of learning, especially one focused on philosophy or higher study. Shakespeare uses it to mean both the institution itself and the world of scholarly thinking.
He left academe to serve the king, trading books for battlefield command.
A word, speech, or utterance—the way someone speaks. Shakespeare also uses it for the sound of a voice itself, or an echo of that sound.
Any accent breaking from thy tongue — any word that leaves your mouth.
To take or receive something as final and binding. Once accepted, it's done—no more argument.
He accepted the challenge and they set a time to duel.
The basic rules of grammar — how words change form and fit together. In Shakespeare's time, this usually meant Latin grammar, which was the foundation of education.
A schoolboy learning accidence would drill verb conjugations and noun declensions for hours.
Something that happens; an event or incident. Not necessarily something bad—just something that occurs.
The particular events that have already passed.
To summon or call someone to appear. Shakespeare uses it rarely, but Ben Jonson preferred it as a more formal way to say 'summon.'
To supply or equip someone with what they need. In Shakespeare, often used in the passive voice to mean 'favoured' or 'provided for by circumstances.'
The king was well accommodated by his loyal servants.
A convenient arrangement or provision of lodging and comfort. In Shakespeare's time, it could mean both the act of providing for someone's needs and the physical comforts themselves—beds, food, shelter, all that makes life easier.
The inn offered fine accommodations for weary travelers.
To fit or adjust something to suit a need. In Shakespeare's time, this Latin-based word meant to make something work for a particular purpose or person.
Someone who fights alongside you, or stands with you in a cause. A partner in action, whether in battle or in shared purpose.
He and his accomplice rode into the fray together, side by side.
To make complete or perfect by adding what's needed. In Shakespeare, it often means to equip or outfit someone fully, or to gain and secure something.
The armourers were accomplishing the knights — fitting them out for battle.
Agreement or harmony between people. When two sides reach accord, they've settled their differences and are on the same terms.
The two families lived in accord after the wedding.
In agreement; willing to go along with something. Two things or people that fit together without conflict.
The nobles were accordant in their support for the new king.
To approach and address someone directly, especially a stranger. Often implies boldness or a lack of invitation.
He accosted her in the street with an offer she couldn't refuse.
Responsible for explaining or answering for something. If you're accountant for an action, you have to answer for it—you can't escape blame or judgment.
He felt accountant for the theft, knowing he'd have to confess.
In Latin grammar, the form a noun takes when it's the direct object of a verb. Shakespeare and his educated contemporaries studied Latin, so you'll see this term in scholarly discussions of grammar and language.
An accusation or charge against someone. A claim that they did something wrong.
Sharp and sour to the taste. Also used for a harsh, biting tone or manner.
His acerb wit cut deeper than any sword.
The letter H. In Shakespeare's time, people pronounced it 'aitch'—the same sound we use today. The plural 'aches' has two syllables: aitch-ez.
In classical mythology, a river (or lake, depending on the account) in the underworld where the dead travel. Shakespeare sometimes treats it as a watery passage to Hell itself.
The lovers feared they'd end up crossing dark Acheron together.
To get, gain, or accomplish something. In Shakespeare, it often means to finish or complete an action, and sometimes to kill or end a life.
He achieved his revenge by the play's end.
Something you've gained or won through effort. In Shakespeare, often something valuable like a title, victory, or prize.
His greatest achievement was winning the crown through his own courage.
Someone who wins or succeeds. In Shakespeare's time, often used for a warrior or soldier who triumphs in battle.
The achiever returns home with spoils and honour.
In Greek myth, the rust from Achilles' spear that could heal wounds—a paradox, since the spear itself caused the injury. Shakespeare uses it as shorthand for a cure that comes from the same source as the harm.
A remedy born from the very thing that wounded you.
A biblical figure known for giving shrewd but treacherous advice. In Shakespeare's time, the name stood for any cunning counsellor who leads a prince or ruler toward ruin.
A clever courtier playing Achitophel, whispering poison in the king's ear.
To admit you know something or someone. Often used in the phrase 'be acknown on' — to confess knowledge of.
I will not be acknown on this crime, though they press me hard.
A deadly poison made from the wolfsbane or monkshood plant. In Shakespeare's time, it was known as a slow killer that could be slipped into food or drink.
A character threatens another with aconitum—a drop in wine, and death within hours.
To pay back or make up for something—often a debt or a wrong. In Shakespeare, it can also mean to rid yourself of something or set yourself free from it.
Till life to death acquit my forced offense—meaning he'll spend his whole life making amends.
A written record proving you've paid a debt or been cleared of a charge. In Shakespeare's time, it was legal proof that money had changed hands or an obligation was finished.
He demanded acquittances for every sum he'd lent to the merchant.
Folded or positioned over something else. Your arms across means folded over your chest or body.
He stood with his arms across, listening to the news.
A deed or action — something done, carried out, or performed. In a play, it's also one of the major divisions of the story.
The honour of performing the deed makes the deed itself worthwhile.
A movement of the body or face that expresses feeling or meaning. In Shakespeare's time, actors used deliberate gestures to show emotion and tell the story.
The actor's angry action—a clenched fist and stern face—showed the character's rage.
Quick to sue or bring legal complaints. Someone who settles disputes in court rather than letting them go.
An action-taking knave will drag you into court over anything.
A person who does something or makes something happen. The one responsible for an action or deed.
Blame the wrong deed, not the person who did it.
Real and done in fact, not just talked about or thought. Something that happens in the world, not in imagination.
Her actual deeds mattered more than her promises.
A deed or action, especially something performed or carried out. In Shakespeare's time, it could mean a formal act or exploit.
The general's brave acture in battle won him great fame.
to, toward, or in the direction of. Latin preposition used in oaths and invocations to call upon gods by name.
ad Jovem — an appeal made to Jupiter himself
A Latin phrase meaning 'to the spirits of the dead brothers.' Shakespeare uses it when characters swear oaths or invoke the memory of fallen kinsmen.
The first man in the Bible, used as shorthand for human sinfulness or the base nature we're born with. Shakespeare also plays with 'Adam' in puns—sometimes meaning a bailiff's officer (who wore buff-colored leather, like Adam's naked skin), or referencing Adam Bell, a legendary archer, to make jokes about Cupid.
A legendary stone of unbreakable hardness, sometimes confused with a magnet. Shakespeare uses it as the ultimate image of something that draws things to itself irresistibly.
Iron is drawn to adamant like a turtle to its mate—an unstoppable magnetic pull.
A strong natural tendency or inclination toward something. Shakespeare uses it to mean a settled habit of mind or character—the way someone is bent or drawn.
His addiction to flattery made him easy prey for courtiers.
A title or mark of rank added to someone's name—like "Lord" or "Sir." It shows honor, status, or social standing. Shakespeare also uses it for anything that adds distinction or respect to a person.
A king's addition is his crown and all the titles that come with it.
To direct or aim something toward a person or place. Also means to get yourself ready or prepared for something.
Address thy gait unto her — turn your steps toward her.
To stick together or fit properly in time and place. When things adhere, they belong with each other.
The plan and the moment didn't adhere—neither was right for the other.
Something added or attached to something else, usually as a helper or supplement. In Shakespeare, often a person who attends or assists.
A loyal friend might be an adjunct to your happiness.
Amazing or wonderful in a way that makes you stop and stare. Something that strikes you as strange, striking, or beyond what you'd normally expect.
A storm that rises and clears in minutes—admirable, yet eerie.
The main ship of a naval fleet—the one the commander sails on and where the most important decisions happen.
The admiral's ship led the whole navy into battle.
Something that fills you with wonder or awe. In Shakespeare's time, people also used it to mean the feeling of wonder itself, or anything remarkable enough to make you stop and stare.
The magician's trick was an admiration to all who saw it.
To wonder at something, or puzzle over it. In Shakespeare's time this was a common meaning, though we'd now say "wonder" or "be puzzled by" instead.
Don't wonder in your mind why I call you by that name.
Wonderful or worthy of wonder. Something that strikes you as remarkable or astonishing.
Acceptance or approval, especially social favor or popularity. Someone "of great admittance" was widely liked and respected.
A courtier of great admittance could open doors others couldn't.
By choice or taking on something as your own, rather than by nature or birth. Like putting on a new identity deliberately.
She took the name adoptedly, the way a schoolgirl might choose a new identity for herself.
Relating to adoption or adopted children. In Shakespeare's time, this often referred to christenings or religious ceremonies for kids taken into a family.
A Latin word meaning "I am here" or "I am present." Shakespeare uses it as a formal response to a roll call or summons, like saying "here" in class.
A soldier answers "Adsum!" when the captain calls his name.
To lift or raise something up. In Shakespeare, you'll often see this with flags or military standards being held aloft.
A favorable position or opportunity to gain something you want. Also means profit or benefit, especially money gained from a deal.
She waited for the right advantage to make her move.
Profitable or beneficial. Something that works in your favour or improves your standing.
A deal that's advantageable for our reputation.
Favorable or beneficial. In Shakespeare, often means giving you a better position or chance than your rival.
A soldier seeks the advantageous ground before battle begins.
To inform or tell someone about something. In Shakespeare's time, it just means passing along information or giving notice—no selling involved.
He might inform the king of what has happened.
Paying close attention; watchful and focused on what matters. Shakespeare uses it to mean devoted or attentive to a task or person.
A risk or chance you take. When someone says they'll do something "at all adventures," they mean they'll do it no matter what happens or what the cost might be.
He rode into battle at all adventures, ready for whatever came.
Hard times or misfortune. Someone who brings trouble or opposition.
He faced adversity when the storm wrecked his ships.
Notice or warning meant to alert someone. In Shakespeare's time, it meant giving someone a heads-up or piece of advice—not a sales pitch.
A friend's advertisement about danger ahead might save your life.
To counsel or give advice. Also: to consider or think something over, or to inform someone of something.
Advise yourself before you act—think it through first.
The act of speaking up for someone or arguing on their behalf. An advocate's plea or defense.
His advocation for the accused man swayed the judge.
Of or belonging to the air or sky. In Shakespeare's time, this could mean anything from the wind itself to spirits thought to live in the atmosphere.
The witches vanish into thin air—an aerial trick that leaves Macbeth confused.
A nest, especially of a bird of prey like a hawk. Shakespeare sometimes uses it to mean a group of young people, like a brood.
The aerie of boy choristers performed the play.
From a distance, or in an indirect way. Something that happens afar off is removed from direct involvement or knowledge.
He heard the news afar off, through rumors rather than firsthand.
As a noun: a feeling or natural inclination. As a verb: to aim for or desire something (most common), or to influence someone the way a disease spreads.
He affects the manner of a king, though he was born to nothing.
Inclined or disposed toward something; having a particular attitude or feeling. In Shakespeare's time, it often meant 'in love' or emotionally drawn to someone.
He is as affected as yourself—equally inclined to that view.
With affection or tenderness. Done in a way that shows you care about someone.
She spoke affectedly to the child, her voice soft and warm.
Deliberately putting on a false show. Acting in an exaggerated or unnatural way to impress others.
His affecting manner—all grand gestures and flowery speech—fooled no one.
A feeling or emotion, especially love or deep attachment. Also: the way your mind naturally leans toward something—your disposition, your inclination, what moves you.
When his affections swayed more than his reason, he made a foolish choice.
Stubborn and determined to have your own way. Often marked by artificial or exaggerated behavior—someone showing off or putting on airs.
An affectioned lover insists on grand declarations that fool no one.
To confirm or ratify something officially. In Shakespeare's time, it meant to give something legal force or approval.
Trust or confidence in someone. In Shakespeare's time, it often meant the trust you place in a promise or a person's word.
He swore an oath, and I put my affiance in his honor.
Engaged to be married. When two people are affianced, they've made a formal promise to each other to wed.
He was affianced to her since childhood, bound by their families' oath.
Connected by family ties or close relationship. Can also mean bound or obligated to someone, especially through love or duty.
The wise and the foolish seem all connected and kin to one another.
To declare something as true and stand by it. You're not just saying it—you're insisting it's so.
He affirmed that he had seen the ghost with his own eyes.
To frighten or startle someone. In Shakespeare's time, it often meant to scare someone away or make them lose their nerve.
The sudden noise did affray the timid servants from their posts.
To meet or face someone directly. Shakespeare often uses it when a character encounters or comes before another, sometimes with a sense of confrontation or challenge.
The prince will affront the ambassador in the hall.
To trust in someone, or to pledge yourself to marry them. Shakespeare uses it both ways — sometimes meaning to rely on someone's honesty, sometimes to betroth or bind yourself to them.
I do affy in thy uprightness — I trust you completely.
Attached to a noun to mean something that comes later or follows. Shakespeare uses it to describe what happens next: debts you owe later, hours yet to come, anger that builds afterward.
The afternoon, the time after the midday meal. In Shakespeare's world, dinner was the main meal eaten around midday, so the after-dinner hours were the leisure time that followed.
After-dinner conversation often turned to gossip and entertainment.
To watch someone as they leave or move away. You're following them with your gaze after they've gone.
A light meal or snack eaten late in the evening, after the main supper. Think dessert or second-course treats served when people gather socially in the evening.
Wine and sweetmeats laid out for after-supper entertainment.
Back or in return. Also used to intensify an action, showing it happens with force or repetition.
"Come again, good Kate" — return to me. Or: "shall hiss at thee again" — hiss loudly, hiss repeatedly.
Facing toward or bracing against something physical. Also used to mean in preparation for something coming—like getting ready before a particular moment arrives.
Trim the garden against the winter frost.
A tiny carved figure, usually on a seal or ring. Shakespeare uses it as a joke about being served by someone small or insignificant.
I was never manned with an agate till now — meaning, I've never had such a tiny servant.
Struck with wonder or shock. Left speechless by something unexpected or overwhelming.
The messenger stood agaz'd when he heard the news of the battle's end.
In Greek myth, the father of Europa—the woman Zeus abducted and carried to Crete. Shakespeare uses the name as shorthand for that whole story of divine desire and transformation.
To make something worse or more serious. Shakespeare uses it to mean either increasing an amount or intensifying a problem.
The insult only aggravated his anger.
A small doll or toy decorated with shiny metal tips and ornaments. Elizabethans loved dressing these tiny figures up like miniature people, often giving them to children as playthings.
A rich merchant's daughter might carry an aglet-baby in her pocket, a fancy bauble to show off.
To admit or acknowledge something. You own it — you say yes, I did that or that's true.
The king must agnize his son's claim to the throne.
Seriously, in real earnest. When someone does something agood, they're doing it with full sincerity and force.
I made her cry for real.
A fever, especially one with violent chills and shaking. Shakespeare's characters often suffered from malaria or similar fevers that left them wasted and weak.
The ague had him shaking through the night.
Help or support, especially in a difficult moment. You might ask for aidance in battle, or in any struggle.
Helpful or giving aid. Ready to assist someone in trouble.
A target or the object of an attack. Also: a guess or conjecture about something. In archery, to "give aim" meant to coach a shooter by telling them where their last arrow landed.
To be the aim of every dangerous shot—to be the one everyone is trying to hit.
A deliberately unclear answer that works either way. The word comes from an ancient oracle's response to a king—it could mean he'd win against Rome, or Rome would win against him. Shakespeare uses it to describe any prediction or statement so cleverly worded that the speaker can claim to be right no matter what happens.
The way someone looks, moves, or carries themselves—their bearing or presence. Also: a rumor or secret that spreads widely, or a melody or tune.
She had the air of someone used to command.
A Greek hero from the Trojan War, famous for his strength but also for being slow-witted. Shakespeare uses the name as a joke about stupidity, with a sneaky pun: 'Ajax' sounds like 'a jakes'—jakes being an old word for a toilet.
A sudden warning or call to action, typically a loud noise or signal. Can mean the cry "to arms!" that summons soldiers, a surprise attack, or a state of urgent fear and excitement.
Strike alarum, drums!
To sound an alarm or call people to action, usually in a military context. Shakespeare uses it to mean stirring someone up or putting them on alert.
The bells alarum the town as soldiers prepare for battle.
A bell rung to warn people of danger or attack. In Shakespeare's time, towns and fortresses used these to call militia or alert inhabitants to threats.
The alarum-bell rang out across the castle when enemy soldiers were spotted on the horizon.
An exclamation expressing sorrow, regret, or distress.
Oh no! Would you really accept her letter? Didn't you know she would do exactly what she did, By sending me this letter? Read it again.
Recently; not long ago. Shakespeare's editors debated whether this word meant "of late" or something else, but the most likely sense is simply a recent past.
Even though; although. Shakespeare sometimes stretches it to three syllables for the meter of his verse.
Albeit she seemed angry, she forgave him in the end.
The magical transformation of something common or worthless into something precious. Shakespeare uses it figuratively—turning base feelings into noble ones, or ordinary moments into magic.
Love is the alchemy that turns her scorn into his greatest treasure.
Hercules, the legendary strong man of Greek myth. Shakespeare uses this name as shorthand for superhuman strength or heroic effort.
If you have the strength of Alcides, you might move that boulder.
Most beloved or cherished above all others. A superlative form expressing the deepest affection.
My most precious and beloved lord.
Soaked or saturated in ale. A person with an ale-washed wit has had their thinking dulled by too much drinking.
A drunk soldier's ale-washed brain can't follow orders.
One of the three Furies in Greek mythology—goddesses of vengeance with snakes for hair. Shakespeare uses her name to evoke rage, punishment, or divine wrath.
Belonging to someone else; not your own. Can also mean a stranger—someone who doesn't fit in or isn't part of a group.
She felt alien to the court, an outsider among those who had known each other since childhood.
To get down or step off something — usually a horse, carriage, or other high place. The opposite of mounting up.
She alighted from the carriage and walked into the house.
A shout kids use in hide-and-seek to signal that everyone has found a hiding spot and the seeker should start looking.
A prefix that intensifies an adjective or verb, meaning completely or entirely. Shakespeare uses it to describe something that embodies a quality fully—as in "all-seeing" (that sees everything) or "all-abhorred" (utterly despised).
Completely worn down or dispirited—exhausted in body or spirit. Someone who looks or acts all-amort has lost their energy and will.
After weeks of bad news, he sat all-amort, barely speaking.
The night of October 31st, just before All Saints' Day (November 1st). Shakespeare's time also used this term for a warm spell in late autumn, or figuratively for a burst of energy or youth in someone's later years.
A sudden warmth in November—an All-Hallond eve of the season.
In every way; completely. Used to emphasize that something is wrong or unsuitable across the board.
His behavior was all-thing unbecoming for a gentleman.
In the style of the stoccata—a thrust in fencing, delivered with the point of the sword. It's an Italian term for a quick, direct attack.
Something that eases or softens pain, grief, or worry. A comfort or relief.
Her kind words were an allay to his distress.
To dilute or weaken something by mixing it with something else. In the example, the Tiber river isn't diluted—it's pure and undiluted.
Loyal and faithful. It describes someone who gives their allegiance without question.
He offered his allegiant service to the king.
A marriage or wedding. In Shakespeare's time, marriage was often a political or business deal between families, not just a personal union.
The king proposed an alliance between his daughter and the prince to end the war.
Connected by family, loyalty, or shared interest. When two things or people are allied, they belong to the same group or cause.
The noble families were allied through marriage and trade.
To assign or give someone a role, task, or fate. In Shakespeare, it often means to destine or ordain something for a person.
You are meant to be captured by me.
A portion or share of something given or assigned to you. Often refers to an inheritance or what falls to you by chance or arrangement.
the meagre inheritance my father left me
To approve, authorize, or grant something as legitimate. In Shakespeare's time, it can also mean to assign or admit as due, or (when reflexive) to lend itself to or accommodate something.
an allowed fool — a fool officially permitted to speak freely
An acknowledgement or acceptance of something as true or valid. When you grant someone allowance, you're admitting their claim or point.
In your allowance, he speaks truth.
A relative or family member. In Shakespeare's time, your allies were often your blood kin—people bound to you by birth.
His allies gathered to defend the family's honor.
An old or playful form of melancholy — sadness or low spirits. You might hear it as a made-up word or a mishearing of the real thing.
German, or relating to Germany. In Shakespeare's time, it often referred to German mercenaries or soldiers, who were known across Europe.
An almain pike — a long spear carried by German fighters.
Used to emphasize a rhetorical question—making it sharper, more pointed. Common in Shakespeare's time to add force to something the speaker doesn't really expect an answer to.
Almost was he not the man you thought?
A container for collecting charitable donations, or the charity itself. To live on alms-basket means to survive on public handouts.
A beggar reduced to living on the alms-basket had nowhere else to turn.
An act of charity or generosity. In Shakespeare, often used ironically or darkly—as when murder is called an "alms-deed" to mock false pity.
Giving food to the hungry is an alms-deed.
The last bit of drink left over that was given to poor people. Literally the dregs—what you poured out for charity after everyone else had their fill.
The tavern keeper saved the alms-drink for those who had nothing.
A man who survives on charity given by the church or wealthy people. He was usually recognizable by his distinctive gown or cloak.
Without equal; one of a kind. When Shakespeare uses this, he means someone stands apart from everyone else—singular, supreme, incomparable.
She is alone in her beauty.
To swap or exchange one thing for another. In Shakespeare's time, you might alter your duties with someone else—meaning you'd trade places or responsibilities.
At full speed or with all your strength. When something moves or happens amain, it goes hard and fast.
The peacocks flew amain across the garden.
To confuse or bewilder someone so thoroughly they lose their bearings. In Shakespeare's time, it carried the weight of real shock—not just surprise, but a kind of mental paralysis.
I am amazed and have lost my way.
A state of being confused, overwhelmed, or thrown into mental turmoil. Someone in amazement has lost their composure or ability to think clearly.
Grief and shock had left her in such amazement that she couldn't speak.
Like a female warrior — strong, bold, and warlike. In Shakespeare's time, it often meant beardless or smooth-faced, the way ancient Amazons were imagined.
A thing you want badly and work toward. In Shakespeare's time, ambition usually meant power, status, or a crown — the kind of desire that drives people to do bold or ruthless things.
His ambition for the throne made him willing to betray his friends.
A surprise attack from a hidden position. Soldiers hide and wait to strike when the enemy passes by.
The army laid an ambuscado along the forest road.
To fix or improve something, or to become better yourself. In Shakespeare it often means to correct a wrong or heal from illness or sorrow.
God amend us — may we become better people.
To punish someone, usually with a fine or penalty. In Shakespeare's time, an amercement was a formal punishment imposed by a court or authority.
The judge will amerce him heavily for breaking the law.
The worst possible roll in dice—two aces, the lowest score you could throw. Bad luck made literal.
He threw ames-aces and lost everything.
Lovely or lovable—worth loving. In Shakespeare's day, this word describes something that inspires affection or desire, especially in the context of love or beauty. The modern sense of 'friendly and easy to like' comes later.
Her amiable face drew every eye in the room.
A wrongdoing or fault. Shakespeare uses it rarely, but when he does, it means a mistake or misdeed that needs fixing.
All the while; continuously mixed in with everything else happening. Shakespeare uses it to mean "here and there throughout" or "all along the way."
They danced and ever among laughed together.
Lifeless, spiritless, or acting as if dead. A person who is amort has given up or lost all energy and will.
He sat amort in the corner, unmoved by the news.
Fully, completely, to a great extent. Used to emphasize that something is done or exists in abundance.
How deeply and completely you are loved.
If, or even if. Shakespeare often uses it where we'd say "if" today. Sometimes it means "whether" or works like "as if."
"An you love me, show it now" — if you love me, prove it.
A state of tension or irritation. Someone on an edge is keyed up, anxious, or ready to snap.
The actor playing Hamlet speaks his lines with an edge—sharp, unsettled, barely holding it together.
On end; standing up or bristling. When hair stands an-end, it's standing straight up on its roots—like when you're frightened or shocked.
His hair stood an-end when he saw the ghost.
A Dutch form of address for a man, like 'sir' or 'mister.' Shakespeare uses it to mark a character as foreign or to create comic effect through accent or mannerism.
A traveler greeting a Dutch merchant might say, 'Good morrow, an-heir.'
Very hungry. Shakespeare often used this form to emphasize just how much someone wanted food.
An an-hungry soldier will eat almost anything placed in front of him.
To cut something open and examine it in detail, either literally by dissecting a body or figuratively by breaking down an idea or person's character piece by piece.
Let them anatomize Regan—pick apart everything she's done and who she is.
A skeleton or a very thin, wasted body. Often used as an insult—calling someone a skeletal wreck.
That fell anatomy shuffled toward us in the dark.
To fix something firmly in place, or to settle your attention on someone or something. Shakespeare uses it for both physical holding and emotional focus.
He anchors his gaze on her face.
The anchors that belong to a ship. In Shakespeare's time, a well-equipped vessel carried several anchors of different sizes for different conditions.
The captain checked the anchorage before the storm hit.
A flag or banner carried into battle. Also the soldier who carries it—the standard-bearer. The word comes from a mix-up with 'ensign,' and shows up mostly in military scenes.
The ancient led the troops across the field.
Old-fashioned ways or customs. Can also mean old people as a group—the elders of a community.
The young courtier mocked the ancientry, preferring new fashion to tradition.
Joins two words where one really modifies the other — like saying "tedious and process" to mean "a tedious process," or "slow and moving" to mean "slowly moving." Sometimes Shakespeare uses *and* this way to create a particular rhythm or emphasis.
Metal supports that hold logs in a fireplace. They're usually decorative, standing upright on the hearth with a bar between them to keep the fire in place.
The andirons gleamed with silver Cupids watching the flames.
A guardian spirit or guiding force within a person—your better self, your conscience. Also a gold coin stamped with the archangel Michael's image, used in wordplay for 'an old, honest fellow.'
Brutus was Caesar's angel—the one he trusted above all.
In an angry way; with anger or irritation showing on your face or in your manner.
You look angerly—as if something has deeply upset you.
As a noun: a fishing hook or line, or by extension, a corner or tight space. As a verb: to fish with a rod and line, or more figuratively, to scheme or manipulate in order to get what you want from someone.
To angle for his favor meant using flattery and tricks.
Something added to make something else larger or richer. A joining together of separate pieces.
The jewels were an annexion to her beauty.
Something added on or attached to something larger. A minor part that belongs with a main thing.
A small annexment—like a button sewn to a coat.
To break something down and explain it piece by piece. The word is likely a mishearing or misprint of 'anatomize,' which means to take apart like dissecting a body.
Soon, or in a moment. Also used to mean "every now and then" when paired with "ever."
"I'll return anon" — like a server saying they'll be right back.
As a noun: a reply to a charge or accusation; a response or retaliation. As a verb: to reply; to match or correspond to something; to atone for or make amends.
Responsible and accountable for your actions. If you've done something wrong, you'll have to answer for it.
If he stole from them, he'll be answerable for the theft.
A song of sorrow or lamentation. In Shakespeare's time, anthems were often sung in church, but this one marks deep grief rather than praise.
The widow's anthem echoed through the hall as mourners gathered.
A cannibal—someone who eats human flesh. Shakespeare uses this as an exotic, fearsome descriptor for remote peoples unknown to European audiences.
Othello speaks of the Anthropophaginians to astound Desdemona with tales of distant lands.
To act like a clown or fool. To behave in a silly, exaggerated way that makes people laugh.
The fool would antic and caper to amuse the court.
As an adjective: wildly silly, grotesque, or absurd. As a noun: a clown or fool who performs ridiculous antics for laughs. Think of the kind of over-the-top silliness you'd see in a physical comedy routine.
Hamlet puts on an antic disposition—acting mad and foolish—to throw others off.
In a wild, exaggerated, or grotesque way. Like a performer hamming it up or striking an odd, theatrical pose.
A deep-seated dislike or opposition between two people or things. When someone's nature or feelings run completely counter to another's.
There was instant antipathy between the two lords—they could never agree on anything.
People who live on the exact opposite side of the Earth. In Shakespeare's time, this was a distant, almost mythical idea—the people down under, literally upside-down from where you stand.
A person who collects and studies old objects, manuscripts, or artifacts. Someone obsessed with the past.
The antiquary spent his fortune hunting down rare folios and crumbling coins.
Old age; the state of being ancient or very old. Shakespeare uses it to describe the wear and decay that comes with time.
A face blasted with antiquity—wrinkled and worn by decades.
A male given name; in Shakespeare's works, most famously Mark Antony, the Roman military leader and triumvir.
Flourish. Enter ANTONY, CLEOPATRA, her Ladies, the Train, with Eunuchs fanning her
A cave or cavern. Often describes a dark, hollow space that feels remote or otherworldly.
The explorers found shelter in a vast antre deep beneath the mountains.
A fool or someone who mindlessly copies others. Shakespeare often used it as an insult for someone lacking sense or originality.
Sleep is the ape of death—a rough copy without the real thing.
Someone who carries around a monkey to show it off in public. In Shakespeare's time, this was a common street entertainment.
The ape-bearer drew a crowd in the market square.
A spoken or written defense of yourself or your actions. Not necessarily an admission of fault — you're explaining your position or clearing up a misunderstanding.
He offered an apology for his sudden departure, explaining that urgent business called him away.
Struck speechless or helpless, as if by a sudden stroke. The word comes from apoplexy, a medical term for a sudden loss of consciousness or movement, and Shakespeare uses it to mean emotionally or mentally stunned into inaction.
His sense was apoplexed by the awful news—he couldn't speak or move.
A mark used in writing to show that a letter or syllable has been left out—what we now call an apostrophe. In Shakespeare's time, printers sometimes used it to show where a vowel was dropped to fit the metre of a line.
Pleased and satisfied. Happy with how things are.
He was appaid with the meal and asked for nothing more.
Clear and obvious to see or understand. Can also mean seeming or looking like something without being certain it truly is.
In a way that is plain to see; openly, without hiding. The scorn is visible and unmistakable.
To accuse or testify against someone. Shakespeare uses it to mean laying blame, sometimes powerfully and directly.
Your feelings have fully accused you.
To accuse someone formally or bring a legal charge against them. In Shakespeare's time, this is what 'appeal' meant in a court of law — the opposite of its modern sense of asking for help or sympathy.
If he accuses the duke in court, the duke must defend himself.
to come into sight; to become visible or present
When the wheat is green, and hawthorn buds are blooming.
Became clear or obvious. Showed itself to be true.
Your kindness appeared in every word you spoke.
A person who formally accuses another of treason or a serious crime, often by challenging them to single combat. The accuser would stake their honor and life on the truth of their charge, letting God decide the outcome through trial by combat.
A bride who comes with a dowry or property attached to her marriage. In Shakespeare's time, a woman brought money or land into a marriage as part of the deal.
Danger or risk. An old spelling of peril.
Stay at your own risk.
To belong to someone or something; to be the right thing for a particular person or situation. If something appertains to you, it's yours or it's your concern.
The duties that appertain to a king fall heavy on his shoulders.
Things that belong to someone or go with something else. Stuff that's connected to a person or object as part of a set or outfit.
The king's robes and all their appertainings were laid out for the coronation.
Rights or privileges that belong to someone because of their rank or position. In Shakespeare, often the formal powers or honours that come with being a king or noble.
A king might set aside his appertainments to live like an ordinary man.
Belonging or attached to someone or something as a natural part. Used for things that go with or relate to a person, role, or position.
The crown and all its appertinent jewels passed to the new king.
To approve of something or someone. To show you think it's good or right.
If only our fathers would approve of our love for each other.
Approval or praise, often expressed loudly and publicly. In Shakespeare's time, it could mean anything from spoken commendation to the clapping we know today.
The crowd's applause told the actor his performance had moved them.
The pupil of your eye — the dark circle at the center. Shakespeare's time thought it was a solid ball, which is why they called it an apple. The phrase "apple of one's eye" means someone deeply loved.
She was the apple of his eye — his favorite, his delight.
A type of apple that gets better with age—it stays good even after it shrivels up. Named for the way it improves over time rather than rotting.
An apple-john was prized by those who could store it and wait.
A remedy or treatment—especially a medical one. It can also mean a tool, device, or practical means to solve a problem.
The doctor applied a soothing appliance to the wound.
The act of putting a medicine or healing treatment onto or into the body. In Shakespeare's time, this could mean rubbing salve on a wound, drinking a potion, or placing a compress on the skin.
A physician might order the application of herbs to ease a fever.
To direct or devote yourself to something with full attention. Shakespeare often uses it when someone needs to focus intently on a person or task, or when something fits a particular purpose.
Let your mind apply to what Banquo is telling you.
To set up or arrange something, like a meeting or plan. Also to equip or outfit someone with what they need—often for a grand or formal purpose. Can mean to assign or give someone a responsibility or resource.
The well-appointed king—one dressed and outfitted for ceremony.
A plan, instruction, or order that someone agrees to follow. Can also mean gear or equipment prepared for a purpose.
He follows my appointment—he does what I've told him to do.
To seize or arrest someone. Also: to understand or grasp an idea. Shakespeare uses it both ways—catching a person or catching a meaning.
He apprehends the danger in her words.
Understanding or grasp of something—how quickly your mind takes it in. Can also mean arrest or seizure, or the act of perceiving something through the senses.
A quick apprehension of the danger ahead made her act fast.
Able to understand or perceive things; quick to grasp ideas. Shakespeare uses it to mean intelligent or perceptive, not anxious like the modern sense.
A dog is apprehensive enough to know its master's voice.
A hostile advance or attack. In military contexts, the way an enemy moves toward you with intent to fight.
The king prepared his troops for the approaching army.
Official approval or confirmation. In Shakespeare, it often means a formal test or period of proving yourself before full acceptance—like a trial you have to pass.
She must complete her approbation before she takes her final vows.
A test or trial that proves something true. Also means approval or confirmation—when something is officially accepted as valid. Shakespeare uses it rarely, mostly in the first sense.
A soldier of valiant approof means one whose courage has been tested and proven.
A special quality or skill that belongs to someone. In Shakespeare, it often means an excellent ability or talent that sets someone apart.
His wit and charm were appropriations that made him the favorite at court.
To prove something true or demonstrate it convincingly. Shakespeare also uses it to mean test or try something out, or to commend someone.
He tried to approve his claim with evidence from the ancient texts.
Someone who tests something out first to see if it works or is safe. In Shakespeare's time, an approver was often a person hired to try new food or taste wine before it reached the master or queen.
The king's approver sampled each dish before it reached the royal table.
Something that belongs to or comes with something else—a possession or accessory that goes along with the main thing. In Shakespeare's time, the word often meant property or rights attached to an estate.
The castle and all its appurtenances—the lands, the hunting rights, the tower—passed to the new lord.
An apricot—the orange stone fruit. Shakespeare's spelling was one of several in use at the time.
A working man, especially a tradesman or laborer. The apron marked him as someone who worked with his hands rather than in a fine coat.
The apron-men gathered at the market to sell their wares and skills.
Ready and willing, or naturally suited to something. Can mean prepared to act, quick to learn, or simply fitting and appropriate.
A student apt to master languages learns quickly.
A strong alcoholic drink, usually brandy or a similar spirit. The name means "water of life" in Latin, but it's anything but water.
He reached for his bottle of aqua-vitæ to steady his nerves.
The north wind. In Shakespeare's time, people thought of winds as having personalities and directions — this one came from the north and was considered cold and fierce.
The phoenix—a legendary bird from Arabian myth that burns itself and rises from its own ashes. Used as a figure for someone or something truly one-of-a-kind, without equal.
That actor is the Arabian bird of his generation—we'll never see another like him.
The legendary tree in Arabia where the phoenix was said to live and be reborn. Shakespeare uses it as a symbol of something unique and irreplaceable.
There's only one Arabian tree—once that phoenix burns, it won't come back.
To bring back to life; to raise someone from death. Used in the religious or magical sense of resurrection.
He hoped to araise his beloved from the tomb.
As a noun: a curved structure overhead — a rainbow, the sky, or the vault of heaven. As an adjective: chief, principal, or most important. Often used in compounds like arch-enemy or arch-villain to mean the supreme or worst version of something.
The arch-villain plots his revenge from the tower.
A mangled version of 'therefore.' Shakespeare and his characters sometimes mangle Latin for comic effect—argal is one of those jokes. It means the same as 'so' or 'thus.'
The gravedigger uses it to sound learned while talking nonsense.
A large merchant ship, typically one that carries valuable cargo across long distances. The word comes from ships that sailed from Ragusa, a major trading port.
The argosy returned from the Indies laden with spices and silk.
To show or prove something by the evidence you provide. When someone's actions or words argue something, they demonstrate it clearly.
His silence argued a guilty conscience.
A point made to prove something, or a subject people are debating. Can also mean the main idea or theme of a story or speech.
The lovers had no argument left to settle their quarrel.
A figure from Greek myth who challenged the goddess Athena to a weaving contest and lost so badly that she hanged herself in despair. Athena transformed her into a spider as a final curse. Shakespeare's characters sometimes get the name slightly wrong.
Calculation or counting. When Shakespeare says something is beyond arithmetic, he means it's beyond what you could measure or figure out with math.
The odds were so strange, they were beyond arithmetic.
To hold someone in your arms; to embrace or wrap your arms around them.
She armed her weeping child and whispered comfort.
Thin and worn from carrying weapons or fighting in wars. The body becomes lean and hard from a soldier's life.
An arm-gaunt veteran returned from years of battle, his frame stripped down to muscle and bone.
A fleet of warships, especially a large naval force. In Shakespeare's time, the word carried the weight of Spain's famous Armada—a symbol of military power and ambition.
The king assembled a mighty armado to defend his coast.
A young nobleman or squire—someone of rank but not yet a knight. In Shakespeare's time, the title marked a step up from common birth but below the knighthood itself.
Powerful in war or combat. A poetic way to describe a warrior or god of war as mighty and formidable in battle.
armipotent Mars — the god of war at full strength
The military profession or life as a soldier. To follow arms means to serve as a warrior.
He has followed arms since he was young.
Get away from me. A sharp command to leave or stand back, often used to ward off something unwanted—a person, a witch, a beggar, or a spirit.
Aroint thee, witch! — ordering someone to get lost.
Complete, utter, total. Came from the idea of a wandering criminal — someone fully, unmistakably devoted to wrongdoing.
An arrant fool believes whatever he's told without question.
A decorative tapestry hung on a wall, often with space behind it where someone could hide. Used in homes and castles for decoration and warmth.
Polonius hides behind the arras to spy on Hamlet and his mother.
Money or payment that is overdue—amounts owed but not yet paid. Often used for taxes, tributes, or other debts that have piled up.
The king demanded payment of all arrearages before the new fiscal year began.
As a noun: a legal order or command—often a warrant for seizure or detention. As a verb: to seize or confiscate by authority of law, or (figuratively) to take hold of something like words or attention.
His horses are arrested for debt.
The act or fact of arriving; people who have just come somewhere. Shakespeare uses it to mean a group of newcomers or the arrival itself.
The arrivance of the French delegation caused a stir at court.
To reach a place or a state. In Shakespeare, often means to land by ship, but also to come to or attain something—a destination, a rank, a condition.
The ship has arrived at our coast.
Skill, learning, or craft—especially something you master through practice and study rather than inherit naturally. Shakespeare uses it for everything from magic to practical knowledge to cunning tricks.
She learned music and languages as part of her art and education.
A matter of importance or concern. Shakespeare uses it to mean something significant—a crucial issue, or the defining quality of something (like your rank or character).
To reach an agreement or come to terms with someone. In Shakespeare, it can also mean to set out conditions or terms in a specific, detailed way.
Made or done with great skill and craft, not just by chance or nature. In Shakespeare, it often means something achieved through clever technique or artistic talent.
Two artificial gods rivaling each other in their craft.
A learned person—someone trained in the liberal arts and sciences. In Shakespeare's time, this could also mean a doctor or medical practitioner.
A physician was called an artist in the healing arts.
Clumsy or unskilled; done without craft or finesse. Guilt makes you blunder when you're trying to hide it.
In Shakespeare, *as* often works like *that* or *though* — it introduces a clause that adds information or contrast. Sometimes it means *so that* or *as if*. The word does less grammatical work than modern English needs, and Shakespeare uses it redundantly in ways we'd now cut.
"Coward as thou art" = you coward, though you are one.
In classical mythology, the son of Aeneas. He appears in Shakespeare's *Dido, Queen of Carthage* as a young prince fleeing Troy with his father.
A type of wood used to make spears and other weapons. Ash was valued for being strong and flexible.
A warrior's spear, made of ash, could bend without breaking.
to the side; away from the main action or conversation. As a stage direction, it indicates a character speaking words intended to be heard by the audience but not by other characters on stage.
Step aside: the noise they make Will wake Demetrius.
A variant spelling. See assinego.
To the side; with a sideways glance or turn of the head. Often suggests doubt, suspicion, or reluctance to look directly.
She looked askance at his explanation, not fully convinced.
Across something, often at an angle. If you go aslant a brook, you're crossing it, not following along its banks.
The path runs aslant the meadow.
The look or appearance of someone or something. In Shakespeare's time, people also used it for the positions of stars and planets, which they believed shaped a person's fate or mood.
A face clouded with worry shows an aspect of deep sadness.
Made from or relating to the aspen tree, which has leaves that quiver and shimmer in the slightest breeze.
A light spray or sprinkling of liquid, especially water or dew. In Shakespeare's time, the word often carried a poetic sense of something gentle falling from above.
The morning aspersion of dew on the grass.
A venomous snake, often a cobra or similar viper. In Shakespeare's time, aspics were symbols of treachery and deadly poison—characters invoke them as images of danger or betrayal.
Cleopatra uses aspics at the end rather than surrender to Rome.
To rise up or reach toward something higher. In Shakespeare, it often means to aim for something ambitious or to stretch upward literally—like heat or flame climbing into the sky.
whose flames aspire toward the heavens
A donkey. Shakespeare uses it literally for the animal, but also playfully in wordplay — sometimes hinting at foolishness, since the donkey was proverbial for stupidity.
You're carrying your donkey on your back (from Aesop's fable).
A stupid or foolish person. Shakespeare uses it as a direct insult, roughly meaning the same as calling someone a blockhead or dunce.
You're acting like a complete ass-head.
To pursue someone romantically; to woo. Shakespeare uses it in a gentler way than the modern sense of 'attack'—here it means to approach with expressions of love or desire.
A proposal of love or courtship. In Shakespeare's time, this word carried no violence—it simply meant making an advance toward romance.
He made his assault with flowers and sweet words.
As a noun: a test or trial of something—often to measure its quality or worth. As a verb: to try or attempt something; to test someone's abilities or character. Shakespeare uses both forms to mean putting something (or someone) to the test.
"Assay the power you have" — try out what you're capable of.
The outward appearance or look of something. What you see on the surface, not what's underneath.
He had the assemblance of a warrior, though he'd never seen battle.
A piece of equipment or accessory that goes with something else. In Shakespeare's time, this often meant the gear that came with a weapon or the furnishings that belonged to a garment.
Six French rapiers, each with all its assigns—belts, scabbards, everything.
A donkey. A word Shakespeare uses as a mild insult, suggesting stupidity or stubbornness.
You blockhead—you're no better than an assinego.
To be present with someone, or to accompany them. In Shakespeare's time, it often meant standing by a person's side as a companion or supporter.
You'll attend the ceremony, assisted by your closest friends.
Help or support. In Shakespeare's time, it can also mean a group of helpers or associates standing beside you.
A king ruling alone, without assistance from advisors or allies.
To go along with someone; to keep them company or be their companion. In Shakespeare's time, it often meant someone was formally paired with another for a journey or task.
To bring someone under your control or power. To make them your subject.
The conqueror moved to assubjugate the neighboring kingdom.
To claim something as yours or declare yourself entitled to it. In Shakespeare, often means to seize or take on a right, title, or quality.
I will claim the throne that is rightfully mine.
A pledge or guarantee that something will happen. Also means confidence or certainty—the feeling that you can rely on something or someone.
Give me assurance with some friendly vow—promise me you'll keep your word.
To formally pledge or promise something—especially in old legal contexts, to transfer property to someone, or to promise someone in marriage. When Shakespeare says someone is 'assured' to another, it means they're betrothed or bound by promise.
He swore I was assured to her—meaning he promised I was engaged to marry her.
To shock or stun someone into silence or confusion. The word carries a sense of being knocked backward by surprise or fear.
The sudden news of the invasion left the court astonished and silent.
The Roman goddess of justice and virtue. In Shakespeare's time, she was a symbol of a golden age of peace and fairness — a time people imagined had been lost.
Astræa's return would mean the end of corruption and the start of a better world.
A person who looks after and trains hawks, especially for hunting. Astringers were skilled handlers who kept these birds in top condition for sport.
The astringer arrived with the hawk perched on his leather glove, ready for the day's hunt.
Someone who reads the stars to predict human destiny and fate. In Shakespeare's time, this blurred with what we'd call astrology—the belief that the stars shape our lives.
A legendary Greek woman famous for being faster than anyone else. Shakespeare uses her name as shorthand for speed itself—the swift, athletic part of her that no one could match.
In Greek myth, the goddess who stirs up trouble and conflict. Shakespeare uses it to mean a force that drives people toward mischief or violence.
She was an Ate, pushing him toward a fight he didn't need.
In a way that's crooked, wrong, or against what you'd expect. When something goes athwart, it veers off course or works against the proper order of things.
The plan went athwart when the actor forgot his lines.
In Greek myth, the Titan who holds up the sky and stars on his shoulders. Shakespeare uses him as a symbol of someone bearing a crushing weight or burden.
He stood like Atlas, weighed down by all the kingdom's troubles.
A speck so small it's barely there — a grain of dust or a tiny creature. Shakespeare also uses it to mean a walking skeleton, someone wasted away to nothing.
A beggar so thin he looked like a living atomy.
To make peace between people or settle a quarrel. To bring people together who are in conflict.
Since we cannot make you two agree, we're doomed.
Making peace after a conflict or wrong. Healing a broken relationship by accepting responsibility and making amends.
The two friends sought atonement after their bitter quarrel.
In Greek myth, the Fate who cuts the thread of life—the one who decides when a person dies. Shakespeare uses her name to mean death itself, or the power that ends things.
When Atropos cuts your thread, no plea will save you.
To seize or arrest someone by legal authority. In Shakespeare, it often means to grab or take hold of something physical, or figuratively to afflict or burden someone.
The constable will attach him for debt.
A hold or grip on someone's mind or feelings. Something that captures your attention or affection and keeps you bound to it.
The beauty of music has a soft attachment to our senses—we can't help but be drawn in.
A legal condemnation that strips someone of their title, property, and honour. It's a stain on the family name that can last for generations.
A traitor's attainder meant his children inherited nothing but shame.
A stain or mark of disgrace that damages someone's honour or reputation. In Shakespeare's time, it could mean legal condemnation for a crime, but more often it's a moral or social blemish—something that taints a person's character or purity.
A stain on your honour or reputation. In legal terms, it can mean a formal conviction that strips you of your rank and property.
His crime brought attainture upon his whole family.
To blame or scold someone. To call them out for something they've done wrong.
The king attasked his adviser for the failed strategy.
As a noun: an attack or military campaign. As a verb: to try to overcome, win, or persuade someone. Often carries a sense of effort against resistance.
He made an attempt on the city. She attempted to sway the king's mind.
Possible to try or attack. Something that can be attempted.
The fortress seemed attemptable, so the army advanced.
To listen carefully and pay attention. Also: to be present and ready to serve, or to wait for something to happen.
servants or companions who wait upon and accompany a person of rank or importance
Enter THESEUS, HIPPOLYTA, PHILOSTRATE, and Attendants
Paying close attention; focused and alert. Shakespeare uses it to mean someone who's really listening or watching.
An attent ear catches every word of the accusation.
To vouch for something as true or genuine. To offer yourself or something else as proof or witness to a fact.
The scars on his body attest to years of hardship.
Dressed or wrapped up in something—not just clothes, but a feeling or state of mind. When you're "attired in wonder," you're completely clothed in that emotion.
Someone who acts on your behalf—either as a legal representative in court, or more broadly as any kind of agent or deputy. Shakespeare often uses it to mean someone standing in for you in matters of the heart or business.
"Be the attorney of my love to her" — speak for my feelings since I cannot.
Handled through someone acting on your behalf; done by proxy or through a representative. You stand back and let someone else do the work for you.
I'll have this matter attorneyed—my agent will handle it.
The act of representing someone else or handling their business through a substitute. A way of doing something on behalf of another person.
He signed the contract by attorneyship, since he couldn't attend in person.
Drawing people toward you, the way a magnet pulls iron. In Shakespeare's time, it often meant having a physical or magnetic pull—beauty, charm, or presence that makes people want to be near you.
Her attractive eyes made every man in the room turn to look.
Your good name or standing — what people know you for and respect about you. In Shakespeare's time, this was everything: lose your attribute and you lose your place in the world.
A soldier's attribute lies in his courage and loyalty.
Praise or credit given to someone. A mark of honour or recognition.
The general deserved more attribution for winning the battle.
Describing a word that assigns or gives a quality to something. In grammar, an attributive word sits right next to the noun it modifies—like "red" in "red rose."
Into two pieces or parts. The word is old—you'll mostly hear it in poetry and older stories now.
He drew his sword and split the plank atwain.
Able to hear well; sharp-eared. Shakespeare uses it to mean someone with keen hearing, though it's uncommon in his work.
A hearing or formal meeting. When someone asks for audience, they're asking to be listened to, or to meet with someone important. It can also mean the act of listening itself.
The ambassador craved audience with the king.
A reckoning or account of how things stand. Often used figuratively to mean a final tally of what you've done or what you owe.
I can make my audit up — I can settle my account.
A listener or someone who hears something. In Shakespeare's time, it could also mean someone officially appointed to check financial records and accounts.
I'll sit back and listen to the play as an auditor.
A tool with a spiral bit, used to drill holes in wood. Shakespeare uses it as a metaphor for something deep, narrow, and inescapable.
A person who sees omens and predicts the future. In Shakespeare's time, augurs were official Roman priests who read signs from birds and other natural events to foretell what was coming.
A sign or portent—something that hints at what's to come. In Shakespeare's time, people looked for augures in natural events, animal behavior, or the flight of birds to predict the future.
The storm was taken as a dark augure of the battle ahead.
A Roman priest who read omens and predicted the future. They would study signs from nature—bird flight, animal entrails, the way sacrifices burned—to divine what was coming.
The augurers examined the slaughtered animal's organs, looking for signs the gods had sent.
The practice of reading signs and omens to predict the future. In Shakespeare's time, people believed skilled observers could divine what was coming by watching birds, reading entrails, or spotting other portents.
If my augury deceive me not, we'll hear bad news before nightfall.
An older woman, often one who talks a lot or spreads gossip. In Shakespeare's time, it could also mean a woman of loose morals.
Heard with your own ears. Something auricular is something you've witnessed or learned directly, not from hearsay.
An auricular assurance—a promise you heard straight from the person's mouth.
Favourable and full of promise. When something is auspicious, it suggests good fortune ahead. Shakespeare uses it for signs, moments, or circumstances that feel lucky or blessed.
A most auspicious star — one that brings hope.
Having real authority or power to command trust. Coming from someone who has the right to speak on the subject.
An authentic decree from the King carries weight that a rumor never could.
The people in power—those who hold official positions and make decisions. In Shakespeare's time, this meant the ruling class and government officials.
The king and his court held all authority in the land.
To give official permission or approval for something. Also, to back something up or vouch for it—to say it's true or trustworthy.
A woman's story backed up by her grandmother's own account.
To be of use or help to someone. Shakespeare often uses it with a reflexive sense—to take advantage of something or benefit from it.
It small avails my mood—meaning, it doesn't help my situation much.
A forceful command telling someone to leave or get away. It's a blunt dismissal—think of it as "Off with you!" or "Get out of here!"
A jealous lord might shout "Avaunt!" to a rival.
A shout of greeting or welcome, often loud and emphatic. Used to hail someone or celebrate their arrival.
A Catholic prayer to the Virgin Mary. In Shakespeare's time, to 'say your ave-maries' meant to recite the rosary — a string of these prayers counted on beads.
A character might measure devotion or penance by how many ave-maries they could recite.
To state something firmly as a fact. You're not just saying it—you're insisting it's true.
He avers that the letter is genuine, though no one has seen it.
To turn away or shift your attention elsewhere. Shakespeare uses it to mean steering someone's affection or interest in a different direction.
He tried to avert her love toward a more suitable match.
Advised; considered or thought through. An older spelling of the word you'd recognize today.
To get away from or escape something. In Shakespeare's time, it also meant to withdraw from a place or to set aside a legal claim.
How may I avoid the wife I chose?
A system of weighing goods based on pounds and ounces — the standard way merchants measured everything from cloth to butter. Shakespeare's time inherited this from French trading practice.
A solemn promise or guarantee that something is true. When you avouch something, you're staking your word on it—you've seen it yourself, and you're willing to swear to it.
The only avouch I can give you is what I've witnessed with my own eyes.
A firm declaration or assertion. When someone makes an avouchment, they're staking their word on something.
His avouchment that he saw the ghost carried weight because everyone knew him to be honest.
To wait for something or someone. Also: to be ready or in store for someone in the future.
What fate awaits the Duke of Suffolk?
To decide something officially and give it to someone. In Shakespeare, it often means to grant a prize, verdict, or judgment.
The judge will award the prize to the bravest knight.
Used with verbs like "come" or "bring" to mean movement toward the speaker or a specific direction. Also used to mean "tolerate" or "put up with" — usually in negative constructions like "I cannot away with that."
Without fear or awe. Something aweless doesn't inspire reverence or respect — it's unremarkable, or even boldly fearless.
Inspiring deep respect or awe, often religious or ceremonial in nature. When Shakespeare uses it, he means something that commands reverence—not merely bad or unpleasant.
An awful sceptre held by a king worthy of worship.
Turned the wrong way; going against you. Can mean perverse, unfavorable, or clumsy and uncouth.
An awkward wind blew the ship back from shore.
The imaginary rod around which the sky and stars revolve. In Shakespeare's time, people believed the heavens spun like a wheel on this invisible axis.
The stars wheel about the axle-tree night after night.
Yes, or a cry of sorrow and regret. Often used to emphasize a point or to express dismay—especially in the phrase "ay me."
Ay me! What fool have I been to trust him.
Always; forever. You'll hear it in old compounds like "aye-remaining," meaning something that lasts through all time.
